On a November evening in the early 1970s, Becky Schroeder waited in the dimming light of a department store parking lot for what felt like hours. She had a math assignment to finish, but it was too dark to see the paper resting on her lap.
That's when a lightbulb turned on, the one inside her head: What if her paper could glow?
In the coming years, Schroeder would be featured in newspapers, magazines, and TV segments across the country as the youngest female inventor in the US. NASA would inquire about her, the restaurant industry would use her innovations, and generations of young inventors would see her as an inspiration.
But as she waited for her mother in the parking lot, Schroeder didn't know any of that yet. She just knew she had to finish her homework.
As a child, Schroeder was fascinated by the way things were built. At six, she would pull the wheels, windshield wipers, and small, intricate parts off of her toy truck, only to learn how to assemble it again.
Her father, Charles Schroeder, was a patent attorney for the building materials manufacturer Owens Corning in Toledo, Ohio, and an inventor himself. Charles patented more than 200 inventions, both for himself and his company, including a more flexible formula for patching street pavement.
That's why, when Schroeder rushed home that November night to tell her father about her idea, he took her seriously despite her age. (Schroeder says she was nine at the time.)
To learn how to create glow-in-the-dark paper, Schroeder researched how to create light. Scientists had been fine-tuning processes known as luminescence and phosphorescence for centuries:
In 1669, German physician and alchemist Hennig Brand accidentally discovered an element that glowed while ‚ brace yourself ‚ trying to make gold out of urine.
Later, scientists began using compounds like zinc sulfide to create phosphors, which can emit light after absorbing it.
Glow sticks were invented by Ed Chandross, also by accident, in 1962, and glow-in-the-dark stars came out in the 1970s.
Glow sticks are a fixture at concerts and festivals. (Getty Images)
But glowing wasn't just for toys. Organizations like the postal service were experimenting with phosphors to be pragmatic, aiming to save money on stamp production.
At the hobby store, Schroeder bought phosphorescent paint and applied it to the cardboard sheet that was used to keep her father's dress shirts crisply folded. Once the paint had been exposed to the light, Schroeder went to the darkest room of her house, the bathroom, to test her theory.
There in the dark, the board was glowing. She then drew lines on the cardboard using a ruler and a black marker before placing a sheet of paper on top. The glowing board shone through the paper, allowing her to write neatly while in the pitch-black room.
Image of Schroeder's patent, filed in 1973 and approved in 1974 (via Google Patents)
The discovery process happened quickly.
"I called my father into the bathroom to show him what I'd done, Schroeder recalled. He said, I think you've got something here.'"
Armed with her father's experience as a patent attorney, Schroeder began the tedious process of filing for a patent.
Her invention, titled luminescent backing sheet for writing in the dark, was described as a lined phosphorescent backing sheet for use in underlying relation with writing paper permitting a writer to write in orderly lined form in the dark without need for external light. Once exposed to light, the sheet would glow for 15 minutes or longer.
In her patent application, Schroeder outlined several potential uses for her invention:
Space missions where astronauts would recharge equipment in the dark
Lab work where observations needed to be conducted without overhead light
And, of course, writing in a car without disturbing the driver
Years later, Schroeder's idea came to fruition when her patent #3,832,556 was approved on Aug. 27, 1974. Though the patent office does not keep data on the age of its inventors, several media outlets claimed that Schroeder, who was 12 at the time based on Ohio birth records, was the youngest female inventor to secure a patent.
According to Associated Press coverage of Schroeder's invention in 1975, the US Patent Office issued 3.8m patents between 1790 (the first year patents were recorded) and 1975, an estimated 1.5k patents per week.
The number of patents granted each year has risen steadily since: In 2020 alone, the patent office granted 388.9k patents.
Singdhi Sokpo / The Hustle
And the number of women awarded patents has also increased, though more slowly.
In 1976, less than 4% of patents included a woman inventor.
By 2016, that number had reached just over 20%, and is still growing today. Even so, women aren't expected to reach equivalent rates of patenting until 2092.
Clippings from newspaper coverage on Schroeder (via assorted newspapers 1974-78)
Schroeder, who attended an all-girls private Catholic school, says that outside of her home she was met with more doubt than encouragement as a young female inventor.
Growing up, when I came up with ideas, most people shut me down, she said. But you can't listen to that; you have to keep moving.
Schroeder named her product Glo-sheet and formed her business, B.J. Products, out of Toledo. In the early days of the business, she made many of the products herself, before eventually outsourcing to a manufacturing company to keep up with demand.
And, she found, there would be quite the demand.
Becoming the youngest female to secure a patent did not go unnoticed by the press: Schroeder appeared on segments for shows such as Good Morning America, 60 Minutes, and Voice of America.
Her story was splashed across the pages of publications, from local news outlets and magazines to The Chicago Tribune and The New York Times. She even appeared on the cover of the Girl Scout's magazine, All-American Girl, and traveled to New York City for a press tour with other high-achieving young women.
Schroeder, who was a deeply introverted child, found herself tossed into the public eye. I barely said a peep in grade school, she recalls. When I went to high school, I took speech classes. Things started happening for me very quickly.
The experience not only broke Schroeder out of her shell, but also it provided the brand with massive amounts of free marketing. She says her business never spent a dime on marketing Glo-sheet.
Glo-sheet's final form (via Becky Schroeder)
Schroeder sold her product by mail order and in local stores, including the Center of Science and Industry (COSI) in Columbus, Ohio.
The main buyers of Glo-sheets were restaurants looking for menus that could be read in dim lighting, photographers who needed to take notes in a dark room, and health care workers interested in taking notes without disturbing sleeping patients in the hospital.
Once Schroeder's story was out, she received a letter in the mail from NASA. The agency was skeptical.
The letter asked if she was currently or had ever been an employee who had access to sensitive company information, as the organization was working on a similar invention. If so, NASA cautioned Schroeder that her patent belonged to them.
In an interview, Schroeder laughed at the memory ‚ and her sharp response:
My dad helped me write back to let them know I was only 12.
That first invention was just the beginning for Schroeder.
In April 1975, she was granted her second patent that added an overlay sheet to the original Glo-sheet. It featured designs for drawing pictures and playing games.
Her third patent, granted in 1976, helped restaurant patrons more easily read menus in dimly lit dining rooms. Included in her patent application were menu sketches listing roast beef and liver for $4.95 and $4.25, respectively.
Schroeder was ultimately granted patents for 30 inventions, all related to phosphorescence, both in the US and internationally.
All her patents have since expired, and B.J. Products shuttered after her father passed away in 2005 and the inventor lost her expert guide and mentor.
Schroeder now lives in Ohio, by the water, and works at her family's insurance agency. She has two adult sons. Outside of Toledo, hardly anybody‚ not even friends and neighbors‚ knows her storied past.
Few people know of Schroeder's prowess as an inventor today. (via Becky Schroeder)
Though her innovating days have come to an end, Schroeder channels the eccentric spirit of an inventor in new hobbies.
When bones were discovered in the earth under her home, Schroeder became fascinated with learning about paleontology and archeology, buying books on the subject and getting the whole family involved. In the Ohio wetlands, Schroeder also practices target shooting and painting and selling driftwood found near her home.
I have a really wide variety of interests; it's so odd, she said with a laugh. I love to learn. I've gotten into so many fun things in my life.
Today, Schroeder sees the remnants of her patents everywhere. Department stores and toy shops selling brands like RoseArt and Crayola are lined with glow-in-the dark drawing tools and toys inspired by Schroeder's original phosphorescent invention.
And to her, that's all right. Natural, even, for the life cycle of inventions.
It doesn't have my name on it now, Schroeder said. It's not about me. It's about what's out there now for people and knowing I've touched them.
Lead image source: Associated Press